Wolbachia supergroup A in Enoplognatha latimana (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Poland as an example of possible horizontal transfer of bacteria

Wolbachia (phylum Pseudomonadota, class Alfaproteobacteria, order Rickettsiales, family Ehrlichiaceae) is a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont infecting more than half of arthropod species worldwide and constituting an important force in the evolution, biology, and ecology of invertebrate hosts. Our study contributes to the limited knowledge regarding the presence of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in spiders. Specifically, we investigated the occurrence of Wolbachia infection in the spider species Enoplognatha latimana Hippa and Oksala, 1982 (Araneae: Theridiidae) using a sample collected in north-western Poland. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana. A phylogeny based on the sequence analysis of multiple genes, including 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA, and wsp revealed that Wolbachia from the spider represented supergroup A and was related to bacterial endosymbionts discovered in other spider hosts, as well as insects of the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera. A sequence unique for Wolbachia supergroup A was detected for the ftsZ gene. The sequences of Wolbachia housekeeping genes have been deposited in publicly available databases and are an important source of molecular data for comparative studies. The etiology of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana is discussed.

Wolbachia (phylum Pseudomonadota, class Alfaproteobacteria, order Rickettsiales, family Ehrlichiaceae) is a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont infecting more than half of arthropod species worldwide and constituting an important force in the evolution, biology, and ecology of invertebrate hosts.Our study contributes to the limited knowledge regarding the presence of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in spiders.Specifically, we investigated the occurrence of Wolbachia infection in the spider species Enoplognatha latimana Hippa and Oksala, 1982 (Araneae: Theridiidae) using a sample collected in north-western Poland.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana.A phylogeny based on the sequence analysis of multiple genes, including 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA, and wsp revealed that Wolbachia from the spider represented supergroup A and was related to bacterial endosymbionts discovered in other spider hosts, as well as insects of the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera.A sequence unique for Wolbachia supergroup A was detected for the ftsZ gene.The sequences of Wolbachia housekeeping genes have been deposited in publicly available databases and are an important source of molecular data for comparative studies.The etiology of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana is discussed.
Wolbachia-a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont-is widespread [1][2][3][4][5] and exhibits a spectrum of interactions with its hosts, ranging from mutualistic to parasitic 6 and has the ability to manipulate host reproduction to enhance its own transmission 7 .Studies have shown that Wolbachia can exert both immediate and long-term effects on their hosts.Not only it can act without affecting the host genome 8 , but, importantly, it can also induce changes in the genome of the invertebrate 9 , which may be passed on to the next generation with all the implications of these changes 10 .Therefore, by studying the occurrence of endosymbionts, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of its symbiotic relationships with various hosts.A holistic view of the eukaryotic organism as a holobiont not only has a cognitive aspect, but also allows to trace the path of transmission of microbes and determine their roles within the hosts.This perspective is particularly relevant when studying the interactions between Wolbachia and its host organisms, as these interactions can be highly intricate and dynamic.Firstly, the same bacterial strain may exert various effects depending on the arthropod genotype 11 , and secondly, the response of an invertebrate host to infection with different Wolbachia strains can also vary 12 .Additionally, the Wolbachia's associations with other bacteria within the host microbiota play a significant role in shaping the activity and functions of these microbial communities.By modifying the composition of the microbial community, Wolbachia can indirectly affect important aspects of the host's physiology, such as nutrition or pathogen resistance 13 .
Wolbachia constitutes an important force in the evolution 14 , biology 15 , and ecology 16 of invertebrate hosts.It can cause sex-ratio distortion by inducing several phenotypes in hosts such as feminization 17,18 , parthenogenesis 19 , male-killing or cytoplasmic incompatibility 20 .The microorganism also enhances insect reproduction by providing biotin and vitamin B 21,22 , leading to increased egg production 23 and improved fecundity of invertebrates 24 .The bacterium may also exert other effects on the host in addition to those related to reproduction.For example, www.nature.com/scientificreports/Wolbachia can prevent infections caused by fungal 8 or bacterial pathogens 25 , and reduce pathogenic viral loads in various arthropod species 26,27 .It can also decrease host susceptibility to different chemical pesticides 28,29 , which may be associated with changes in metabolism, detoxification gene expression or immune responses in bacterial hosts 30 .
On the basis of the phylogeny of housekeeping genes [31][32][33][34] or whole-genome typing methods 35,36 , the genus Wolbachia has been divided into supergroups and labelled with letters of the alphabet 37 .An examplary set of genes comprises: coxA coding for cytochrome c oxidase, gatB coding for glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, hcpA coding for conserved hypothetical protein, ftsZ coding for prokaryotic cell division protein, fbpA coding for fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and additionally the wsp gene encoding Wolbachia surface protein 31 , groEL encoding 60 kDa heat-shock protein, and gltA coding for citrate synthase [32][33][34] .Sequence-based analysis of bacterial housekeeping genes as a set of genotyping markers can identify and discriminate closely related strains and accurately determine genetic divergence between them 38 .
Insects are the most comprehensively studied group of invertebrates in terms of the occurrence of endosymbiotic bacteria 39 .However, unlike insects, there are groups of invertebrates about which knowledge about the frequency and diversity of intracellular microbes is significantly more limited.Spiders are an example.Similarly, the etiology of infection, host specificity and effects of endosymbiotic bacteria in spiders are poorly characterized.Nevertheless, some literature data suggest that spiders may have more diverse microbiome than insects 40,41 , indicating the potential presence of novel, undiscovered taxa of microorganisms [41][42][43][44] .Spiders are one of the most successful terrestrial colonizers, but the data regarding their endosymbiotic relationships are scarce.Therefore, searching for, describing and understanding the presence of these organisms in spiders is required, especially since it would be interesting to elucidate whether their microbiomes have contributed to the evolutionary success of spiders.
The presence of Wolbachia in spiders has been observed relatively rarely [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] ; however, most studies have examined only a few individuals of spiders of certain species 40,41,[59][60][61][62][63] .Bacterial strains occurring in spiders have been classified in supergroup A and B 44 together with Wolbachia infected insects, isopods, and mites-carriers of bacteria from supergroup B 37 .The extent of phenotypic effects induced by microbial endosymbionts in spiders remains largely unknown.Exceptions to this limited knowledge include cases where Wolbachia has been associated with sex ratio imbalances in certain spider species.In Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841), the killing of male embryos is most likely a manipulative effect of Wolbachia 50 ; in Mermessus fradeorum (Berland, 1932), Wolbachia is suspected of causing cytoplasmic incompatibility and feminization 64 ; and lastly, in Pityohyphantes phrygianus (C.L. Koch, 1836), Wolbachia may influence female post-copulatory behavior and sex ratio 48 .Another effect caused by Wolbachia, not directly related to reproduction, was observed in the spider Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830), where the bacteria beneficially affected host metabolism 30 , leading to increased enzyme activity and nutrient availability, which contributed to a higher survival rate of the spider under stress 65 .
The available data on the spread of Wolbachia in spiders are still insufficient, and the diversity of bacterial strains determined by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) in this group of arthropods from Poland is unknown.Therefore, we decided to pursue the issue of intracellular bacteria in spiders.The aim of our study was to determine the distribution and molecular characterization of Wolbachia in these invertebrates, which may contribute to better understanding of host-endosymbiont associations.Here, we report the first detection of Wolbachia in the spider Enoplognatha latimana Hippa and Oksala, 1982 (Araneae: Theridiidae).The Wolbachia strain identified in this spider was examined using MLST and wsp gene analyses.Furthermore, we discuss the etiology of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana.

Sampling of spiders
Thirty-four E. latimana adult specimens, three juvenile forms, and two egg sacs were collected from nine different locations in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship: (1)  Three adult male spiders, one adult female spider, and one juvenile form were collected from the same locality characterized in Table 1.The spiders were collected using a sweep net and immediately placed in 96% ethanol.Each specimen was examined for the presence of Wolbachia, as described below.The spiders were also examined for the presence of parasitoid insects by microscopic observation.

Wolbachia detection
Total DNA was isolated from individual specimens using silica membranes from the commercial Genomic Mini kit for universal genomic DNA isolation (A&A Biotechnology, Gdansk, Poland) according to the manufacturer's instruction.Wolbachia was identified by PCR using the following Wolbachia-specific primers: 553F_W (5′-CTT CAT RYA CTC GAG TTG CWG AGT -3′) and 1334R_W (5′-GAKTTA AAY CGY GCA GGBGTT-3′) 66 , which amplified a 781-bp product of the 16S rRNA gene.The PCR amplification was as follow: 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 62 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 45 s, and final elongation at 72 °C for 10 min 66 .

Analysis of Wolbachia genes
Molecular characterization of Wolbachia was based on sequence analysis of housekeeping genes: 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA, and additionally wsp.Two PCR reactions were conducted for the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene sequence.The first reaction utilized the specific primer EHR16SD 67 along with the universal eubacterial primer 1513R 68 .The second reaction employed the specific primer EHR16SR 67 along with the universal eubacterial primer 63F 69 .Other housekeeping genes included in the analysis were: gatB (glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase), coxA (cytochrome c oxidase), hcpA (conserved hypothetical protein), ftsZ (cell division protein), fbpA (fructose bisphosphate aldolase), wsp (Wolbachia surface protein) 31 , gltA (citrate synthase) 32 , and groEL (60-kDa heat-shock protein) 70 .The primer sequences and PCR amplification conditions are presented in Supplementary Table S1.PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1.5% NOVA Mini agarose gel (Novazym) with a Nova 100 bp DNA Ladder (Novazym), sequenced using BigDye Terminator v3.1 with ABI Prism 3130XL (Applied Biosystems) and compared to the GenBank sequence data (International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration) using BLASTn.Wolbachia gene sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers listed in Table 1.

MLST and phylogenetic analysis using wsp and ftsZ genes
MLST analysis was performed targeting the following eight loci: 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, and hcpA.Individual sequences of Wolbachia genes were aligned with sequences of different Wolbachia supergroups deposited in the GenBank database.Phylogenetic trees based on MLST were constructed for single genes, as well as concatenated alignments of the eight bacterial loci, using the maximum-likelihood method in MEGA 11 software 71 .Additionally, the sequences of Ehrlichia sp. were included as an outgroup.The NCBI accession numbers of the sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis are presented in Supplementary Figs.S1-S8.Sequence alignments were generated using CLUSTAL W software 72 .The jModelTest 2 software 73,74 was applied to select the appropriate sequence evolution model.The HKY + G model was selected for 16S rRNA, coxA, and fbpA sequences, while the TrN + I + G model was chosen for the ftsZ sequence data; the GTR + G model was used for gatB, gltA, and for the concatenated sequence data of eight genes (16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, and hcpA); the TrN + G model was selected for sequences available for the groEL and hcpA genes.Genetic recombination between strains was detected using the φ test implemented in the SplitsTree4 software 75 .The maximum likelihood bootstrap support was determined using 1000 bootstrap replicates.
The wsp gene, due to its relatively fast evolutionary rate, experiences significant recombination and diversifying selection, making it unreliable for strain characterization when used alone.However, it can be used as an additional optional strain marker to complement the MLST information 31 .The wsp gene sequence of Wolbachia from E. latimana was aligned with corresponding sequences of Wolbachia supergroups A and B deposited in GenBank.Additionally, an outgroup of Wolbachia supergroup D sequence was included.The NCBI accession numbers for the sequences used for phylogenetic analysis are shown in Fig. 3.The phylogenetic tree of the wsp gene was reconstructed using the same parameters as described above.The GTR + I + G model was selected for the wsp sequence.
The ftsZ gene, which is involved in the regulation of bacterial cell division, contains highly conserved regions 76 .This characteristic makes it suitable for conducting fine-scale phylogenetic analysis within a bacterial genus 77 .A phylogenetic network was constructed based on the ftsZ gene sequences of Wolbachia using neighbornet algorithm distance estimates in SplitsTree4.Unlike traditional phylogenetic trees, a phylogenetic network allows for visualization of multiple connections among examined sequences, which can represent recombination events 75,78 .
Additionally, the coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, and hcpA genes were compared with sequences in the PubMLST database (https:// pubml st.org) for generating a MLST allelic profile, determining the sequence type (ST) and the clonal complex.

Results
All collected specimens were screened for the occurrence of Wolbachia and the bacterium was detected in one female only.The infected female was collected together with three adult males and one juvenile from the same population, which were tested negative for Wolbachia infection.In addition, no parasitoid insects were observed upon microscopic examination.
We have successfully detected Wolbachia in E. latimana, marking the first documented occurrence of this bacterium in this spider species.Our analysis involved amplification of the wsp gene and eight housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, and hcpA) of Wolbachia (Table 1).The 16S rRNA gene sequence of bacteria from E. latimana showed the highest identity with Wolbachia sequence from dipteran insects Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and Drosophila sturtevanti Duda, 1927 deposited in GenBank under accession numbers CP101657 and CP050531, respectively.Sequence query coverage was 99% and the identity was 99.55%.We also compared the 16S rDNA sequences of Wolbachia infecting E. latimana and Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) (accession no.EU333941), since both hosts represented the same genus of spiders.The identity of these sequences was 99.76% with query coverage of 62%.
Sequence analysis of the coxA amplicon using BLASTn showed the highest identity of 98.78% with 100% query coverage with Wolbachia coxA from the spider Mesida yini Zhu, Song and Zhang, 2003 deposited in GenBank under accession no.KX169178.The highest identity (100% with 100% query coverage) was observed between Wolbachia fbpA sequences from E. latimana and the spider Leucauge celebesiana (Walckenaer, 1842) (accession no.KX380749).The ftsZ sequence showed the highest identity of 98.48% with 99% query coverage with Wolbachia gene from D. sturtevanti and the hymenopteran insect Camponotus sayi Emery, 1893 deposited in GenBank under accession numbers CP050531 and DQ266387, respectively.The sequence of the gatB gene of Wolbachia from E. latimana exhibited the highest identity (100%) to the gene of Wolbachia from the spider Metellina ornata (Chikuni, 1955) (accession no.MN202032).The highest identity of 98.36% with 99% query coverage was observed between the sequences of the gltA amplicon detected in Wolbachia from E. latimana and the dipteran insect Sicus ferrugineus (Linnaeus, 1761) (accession no.OX366370).Sequence analysis of the groEL amplicon using BLASTn showed the highest identity of 95.05% with 100% query coverage to Wolbachia groEL from the spider O. gibbosus deposited in GenBank under accession no.OW370537.The highest identity (97.6% with 100% query coverage) was observed between the Wolbachia hcpA sequences from E. latimana and the hymenopteran insect Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer, 1773) (accession no.CP095495).The wsp sequence showed the highest identity of 99.25% with 99% query coverage with the gene of Wolbachia from the spider Trichonephila clavata (L.Koch, 1878) deposited in GenBank under accession no.EF612772.

MLST and phylogenetic analysis using the wsp and ftsZ genes
Phylogeny based on concatenated MLST sequence data analysis of eight genes (16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, and hcpA) showed that Wolbachia from the spider E. latimana was related to endosymbionts of other spider hosts from the order Araneae and dipteran and hemipteran insects, representing supergroup A. The analysis of both individual genes (Supplementary Figs.S1-S8 available in the online Supplementary Information), as well as the combined eight-gene analysis (Fig. 2) consistently demonstrated that the bacterium belonged to supergroup A. The absence of statistically significant evidence of recombination (p = 1.0) using the φ test suggested that Wolbachia from E. latimana was not a recombinant between strains of other Wolbachia supergroups.
The reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree based on the wsp gene of Wolbachia supergroups A and B has confirmed that the endosymbiont from E. latimana belongs to supergroup A. It formed a cluster with bacteria from three spider species representing the families Tetragnathidae (M.yini and M. ornata) and Araneidae (T.clavata) (Fig. 3).
In addition, a phylogenetic network based on the ftsZ gene sequences of Wolbachia (Fig. 4) revealed the relationship of Wolbachia from E. latimana with representative strains of Wolbachia supergroup A. The network mostly contained very narrow fields, indicating a low level of conflict in the data at the nucleotide level.Wolbachia from E. latimana clearly clustered with supergroup A strains, excluding other supergroups, as confirmed by the φ test results.Moreover, the analysis indicated the diversity within supergroup A, with two noticeable subgroups: (1) Wolbachia from insects L. stewarti, W. auropunctata, C. obstrictus, N. quadrimaculatus, C. assimilis, and (2) Wolbachia from spiders E. latimana, L. celebesiana, M. ornate, C. confuse, M. yini, L. subblanda, and insects C. sayi, D. sturtevanti.
Using the PubMLST database, the MLST allelic profile was generated (Table S2).The allelic profile, ST and clonal complex were new according to the available data in the Wolbachia database.

Discussion
The sequences of 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA, and wsp genes of the bacterial strain found in this study in the spider species E. latimana showed the highest identity with Wolbachia from supergroup A discovered in other spider hosts and in insects of the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera.The phylogeny based on the concatenated dataset of eight housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA) and the wsp gene confirmed the close relationship between Wolbachia infecting E. latimana and the strains found in other spider and insect hosts, representing the same supergroup carrying the unique 5′-GAC TTC G-3′ sequence in the ftsZ gene.Additionally, phylogenetic network analysis of the ftsZ gene of Wolbachia revealed high intragroup diversity of supergroup A, with the supergroup being subdivided into two clades.Wolbachia from E. latimana clustered with bacteria from other spiders, as well as with strains from dipteran and hymenopteran hosts, further supporting their close relationship.The Wolbachia in E. latimana sequences of coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, and hcpA genes did not show an exact match with previously identified STs in the PubMLST Wolbachia database and the bacterial strain in the spider is new.
A question arises about the etiology of Wolbachia in E. latimana, as only one spider out of 39 tested specimen was infected.Spiders of the genus Enoplognatha feed on insects of different orders [79][80][81] , including Diptera and Hymenoptera 82 .Among them, pollinators and other flower-visiting insects are predominant in the spiders diet.Interestingly, our study revealed that Wolbachia genes in E. latimana exhibited the highest identity and closest relationships to bacteria found in insects, associated with flowering plants, from (1) Diptera: S. ferrugineus 83 , A. albopictus 84 , and (2) Hymenoptera: C. sayi 85 , C. pennsylvanicus 86 .Other authors have confirmed that the transfer of Wolbachia can occur through the ingestion of remains from infected specimens 87 , and these insects may be a potential source of Wolbachia infection in E. latimana.It is plausible that Wolbachia identified in E. latimana could be the result of its presence in insect cells found in the spider's digestive tract, without infecting the spider's own cells.In this case, the presence of the bacteria in the spider should be considered accidental rather than as a stable and permanent infection of the host.Considering that hymenopteran and dipteran insects are also parasites of spiders 88 , they could be regarded as potential sources of the bacteria.Some spiders from the genera Trichonephila 89,90 and Leucauge 91,92 are known to be attacked by Hymenoptera parasitoids.Dipteran insects are also known enemies of Trichonephila sp. and Enoplognatha sp. 93.Wolbachia genes discovered in E. latimana showed the highest identity with the corresponding genes of bacterial supergroup A from T. clavata and L. celebesiana.Furthermore, the close relationship between these Wolbachia strains may suggests the potential possibility of bacterial transmission from insect parasitoids to spider hosts, especially that insect parasites can serve as vectors for Wolbachia transmission between hosts 94,95 .While insect parasitoids typically kill their host upon completion of their larval development and parasitism do not allow hosts to transmit the infection to the progeny 88,92,96,97 , there have been cases of spiders that were able to get rid of the intruder and survive 90 .Among the analyzed specimens of E. latimana, no insect parasites were found during microscopic observations.If the role of the parasite in the transfer of Wolbachia to E. latimana may be assumed, one could attempt to speculate that the spider have been temporarily inhabited by the parasite but managed to survive.However, this is not the only potential scenario, as Wolbachia transmission via food cannot be ruled out either.Insects from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera, infected by Wolbachia with high genetic identity and relatedness to Wolbachia from E. latimana, feed on plant nectars.Examples include the flower and leaf nectar-eating dipteran A. albopictus 84,98 or the extrafloral nectar-eating hymenopteran C. sayi 85 .Although literature data do not indicate plant nectar in the diet of E. latimana and the possibility of acquisition from nectar contaminated by infected insects is unlikely, it may be not excluded, as some species of spiders, especially early instars of web-building spiders, rely on floral and extrafloral nectar as an important component of their food [99][100][101][102][103] .The latter hypothesis may be supported by the results of other authors, suggesting that food can serve as a medium for Wolbachia transmission among invertebrates with similar feeding habits.Sharing the same plant diet may facilitate horizontal transmission of these bacteria [104][105][106] .All of the modes of Wolbachia transfer described above are possible.Although we have not determined the exact etiology of Wolbachia in E. latimana, the endosymbiont is undoubtedly related to those found in other spider species and insects from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera, and transfer of the microorganism between these hosts cannot be excluded.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we have detected for the first time the bacterium Wolbachia associated with the spider E. latimana.The microorganism was found in only one female and a question arises about the etiology of Wolbachia in E. latimana.Our data are not sufficient to support the stable presence of Wolbachia in the spider species.The high probability of only accidental bacterial presence cannot be excluded.Our study revealed that Wolbachia genes associated with E. latimana exhibited the highest identity and closest relationships to bacteria found in insects from Diptera and Hymenoptera.As the insects are predominant in the spiders diet, the detected Wolbachia could have been present in ingested remains from infected insect specimens.
Our study confirmed the classification of the bacteria associated with E. latimana to Wolbachia supergroup A. These data provide insight into the occurrence of Wolbachia in arthropods.Additionally, we have deposited the sequences of Wolbachia wsp and housekeeping genes in publicly available databases, providing valuable molecular data for future comparative studies in this field.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Maximum likelihood reconstruction of Wolbachia supergroup phylogeny based on concatenated sequence alignments of eight bacterial loci (16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, hcpA) using MEGA 11 software.Strains are designated by their host names, except for outgroup bacteria.Capital letters indicate individual Wolbachia supergroups.Bar, substitutions per nucleotide.Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates are shown on branches.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Maximum likelihood reconstruction of Wolbachia supergroup phylogeny based on the wsp gene sequences using MEGA 11 software.Strains are designated by their host names.Wolbachia supergroups (A, B, and D) are indicated.Bar, substitutions per nucleotide.Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates are shown on branches.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Median network reconstructed for Wolbachia supergroup A based on sequence polymorphism of the ftsZ genes.Conflicting phylogenetic signals (due to recombination and/or homoplasy) are represented as boxes or parallelograms in the network.

Table 1 .
Identified Wolbachia gene sequences in the host Enoplognatha latimana and sampling site localities.Wolbachia 16S rRNA, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, gltA, groEL, and hcpA housekeeping gene sequences housekeeping gene sequences were compared with sequences deposited in GenBank from various invertebrate hosts using BLASTn.The gene sequences of Wolbachia from E. latimana showed the highest identity with Wolbachia from other spiders representing the order Araneae, as well as from insects from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera.